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THE CONSTITUTION OF
THE UPSILON PI EPSILON
ASSOCIATION
THE INTERNATIONAL HONOR SOCIETY FOR THE COMPUTING AND INFORMATION
DISCIPLINES [PDF Download]
Preamble
The Upsilon Pi Epsilon Association was founded
at Texas A&M University in 1967, at the request of the Computing
and Information Disciplines students. Most of the original concept
and design of the Association is the result of the effort of those
students who were highly motivated with the desire to recognize
outstanding scholastic and professional achievement in the Computing
and Information Disciplines. In accordance with these desires we
do hereby ordain and enact the following.
CONSTITUTION
ARTICLE I
Name and Objective
SECTION 1. The name of this nonprofit corporation
shall be the Upsilon Pi Epsilon Association, hereafter referred
to as the "Association."
SECTION 2. The object of this Association
shall be the promotion of high scholarship and original investigation
in the several branches of the Computing and Information Disciplines.
ARTICLE II
Organization of the Association
SECTION 1. This association shall consist
of Chapters which have been, or shall be, established in an institution
of learning which offers a curriculum that leads to the awarding
of a degree in the area of the Computing and Information Disciplines.
The first Chapter in each state shall be designated by the Greek
letter Alpha, the second by Beta, and so on following the name of
the state where located.
SECTION 2. The general government of the
Association shall be vested in the Convention and in the Board of
Directors, hereafter called the Executive Council or the Council,
in accordance with the following provisions.
ARTICLE III
Government of the Association
SECTION 1. The Convention and the Executive
Council shall have control of all matters and affairs pertaining
to the Association as a whole, but shall not interfere with the
internal affairs of any Chapter, except in matters of discipline
as hereinafter provided.
SECTION 2.
(a) The Convention shall meet annually except
as provided in Section 5. Each Chapter, undergraduate or alumnus,
may be represented by one or more delegates to the Convention and,
if represented, shall have one vote. The Members of the Executive
Council, the International Secretary, and other officers later deemed
necessary, if present, shall each be entitled to one vote. Representatives
of a majority of the Chapters or 80% of the Executive Council shall
constitute a quorum
(b) The Convention may establish in the Bylaws
a provision for an annual pro rata Convention assessment not to
exceed seven dollars ($7.00) sufficient to accumulate a Convention
Fund to permit occasional Conventions at points not centrally located.
SECTION 3.
(a) The Convention shall elect its own officers
and may adopt rules for the conduct of its business and such other
matters as may properly come within its jurisdiction and are not
hereinafter set forth.
(b) It shall elect the Members of the Executive
Council, as hereinafter provided, and fill vacancies for the remainder
of the Council Member's term of office.
(c) It shall consider and vote on the abolishment
of Chapters and matters of discipline presented to it by the Executive
Council.
(d) It shall have the power to remove the
International Secretary from office for just cause.
(e) It shall levy such assessments upon the
Chapters as may be necessary for its own support and that of the
Executive Council.
(f) It may fix the time and place of the
Convention up to two years in advance.
See Sections 5 (h) and (i)
(g) It shall be the final Court of Appeals
in all questions of interpretation of the Constitution and Bylaws
and in all matters of discipline.
(h) It may enact general Bylaws for the Association.
(i) It may amend the Constitution and Bylaws
subject to Article XIII.
(j) No Chapter or delegate shall be allowed
to vote by proxy.
SECTION 4.
(a) The Executive Council shall consist of
six persons: five voting members elected by the Convention and one
non-voting, ex-officio member. They shall serve without salary simultaneously
for a period of five years, or until their successors take office.
The ex-officio member shall be the most recent past President who
has completed a five-year term of office.
(b) The nomination of one proposed Executive
Council member may be made by any Chapter, and shall be submitted
to the Executive Council preceding the Convention.
(c) In submitting nominations, a Chapter
shall vouch for the willingness of its nominees to serve actively
on the Executive Council, if elected.
(d) The new Executive Council member shall
take office upon adjournment of the Convention.
(e) The Executive Council shall name its
own officers.
SECTION 5.
(a) The Executive Council shall have power
to fill all vacancies until the next regular Convention. See Section
3 (b).
(b) It shall keep the official copies of
the Constitution and the Rituals, the seal of the Association, and
all official documents belonging to the Association.
(c) It shall issue Charters and exact copies
of the Constitution and Bylaws of the Rituals to new Chapters.
(d) It shall issue to each Chapter a certificate
of membership for each of its newly-elected members.
(e) It shall collect through the International
Secretary all assessments, initiation fees, fines, and dues levied
by the Convention, Constitution, and Bylaws.
(f) It shall disburse, invest, and administer
all funds of the Association, both general and special, in accordance
with the Constitution, Bylaws, and the Acts of the Conventions,
and shall administer all gifts, bequests, and endowments in accordance
with their provisions.
(g) It shall issue all catalogs of the Association
and such other documents and periodicals as may be ordered by the
Convention, Constitution, and Bylaws.
(h) It may call a special Convention for
a specific cause. Immediately upon receipt of a written petition
from a majority of the Chapters, it shall issue a call for the Convention
to meet at a convenient place as soon as feasible.
(i) It may change the time and place of the
meeting of the regular Convention, and may suspend the meeting of
the same for a period not to exceed one year, provided that the
written consent of two-thirds of the Chapters shall be obtained
to any postponement exceeding two months.
(j) It may elect the Alumni Representative.
See Article IV, Section 1.
(k) It shall have general supervision of
all publications of the Association and shall have power to pay
all salaries and defray all expenses incurred in their preparation
and publication.
(I) It shall make an annual report in writing
through the International President to the Convention, of its various
activities during the preceding year. See Bylaw II, Section 4.
ARTICLE IV
Other Officials
SECTION 1. There may be an officer known
as the Alumni Representative. He/she shall be elected by the Executive
Council on nomination by an alumnus. His/her term of office shall
be for five years and shall begin after the Executive Council's
annual meeting. His/her duties shall be to stimulate and maintain
interest and support for Upsilon Pi Epsilon, encourage the formation
of "At Large" Chapters, and represent the alumni at the Convention
and before the Executive Council.
SECTION 2. The officers of the Association
shall serve without salary, but may have their expenses for transportation,
lodging, and food paid by the Association when traveling on its
behalf by the instruction of the Executive Council.
ARTICLE V
Chapters
Section 1. Chapters
shall be either Regular or "At Large" Chapters.
SECTION 2. The active membership of any Regular
Chapter shall consist of all members, either by Chapter initiation
or by transfer, who are in regular attendance in college, and such
Alumni Members as have expressed in writing to the President of
the Chapter their desire either to continue, or to assume, the responsibilities
of active membership, and have been formally accepted by the Chapter.
All active members of a Chapter shall pay the same dues.
SECTION 3. An Alumnus Member of a Chapter
may retain his/her active membership in his/her Chapter until he/she
leaves college or relinquishes it by resigning as an active member.
SECTION 4. An "At Large" Chapter shall be
made up of members of the Association who have received a Computing
and Information Disciplines degree, or who have distinguished themselves
through work in the Computing and Information Disciplines.
ARTICLE VI
Establishment of Regular Chapters
SECTION 1. Chapters of Upsilon Pi Epsilon
shall be established, maintained or reactivated only in colleges
of universities that grant the baccalaureate degree or higher degrees
and that are accredited by the appropriate national or regional
accrediting agency.
SECTION 2. A Regular Chapter shall be abolished
and a Charter withdrawn, only by a three-fourths majority of the
total accredited votes of the Convention, taken by written ballot,
except in the event that the institution where the chapter is established
loses its accreditation, in which case the chapter charter shall
be withdrawn automatically.
SECTION 3. A petition for the establishment
of a Regular Chapter may be made by students and graduates of any
college who are eligible under Article VIII, Sections 2 and 4. In
preliminary form it shall be addressed to the Executive Council
of the Upsilon Pi Epsilon Association. It shall set forth the desires
of the petitioners and shall pledge their willingness to subscribe
to and obey the Constitution and Bylaws of the Association. It shall
contain a certified statement from the authorities of the institution
of the eligibility under the Constitution of each of the petitioners.
See Bylaw IV.
SECTION 4. Charters for new chapters will
be granted only upon approval of 2/3 of all voting members of the
Executive Council.
SECTION 5.
(a) When a petition is approved according
to the procedures in Article VI, Section 3, the Executive Council
shall prepare the Charter and appropriate documents and shall proceed,
in person if feasible, or appoint a deputation to take these documents,
initiate the new members, and shall install the petitioners according
to the Rituals and Ceremonies of the Association.
(b) The permanent, embossed copy of the Charter,
when received, shall be carefully preserved by the Officers of the
Chapter and may be suitably displayed under glass.
SECTION 6. "At Large" Chapters may be established
as provided for in Article XIV.
ARTICLE VII
Government of Regular Chapters
SECTION 1. Subject to this Constitution and
Bylaws of the Association, each Chapter shall have full control
of its individual affairs. It may enact Bylaws for its own guidance
in all matters not herein fully set forth.
SECTION 2. The duties of the different officers
of a Chapter shall be those usually performed by persons holding
such offices and as the Bylaws of the Association and of the chapter
shall direct.
SECTION 3. No member of a Chapter shall be
allowed to vote by proxy.
ARTICLE VIII
Membership
SECTION 1. The Association shall consist
of members and honorary members.
SECTION 2. The membership of the Association
shall consist of: (1.) graduate students; (2.) undergraduate students
of junior and senior rank, who were elected according to Article
IX of this Constitution; (3.) individuals who are affiliated with
institutions of learning where Chapters are located, in some capacity
other than that of a registered student, and (4.) individuals of
recognized ability in their respective branches of the Computing
and Information Disciplines but who are not classified in any of
the former categories. These elections should include only individuals
who are making noteworthy contributions to the Computing and Information
Disciplines and whose character, reputation and influence would
be a distinct asset to the Society.
SECTION 3. Honorary members shall be individuals
of recognized reputation and of high attainments.
SECTION 4. Eligibility for membership shall
not be limited by race, color, creed, age or sex.
SECTION 5. A member of any Chapter who may
change residence shall have the right to affiliate with any other
Chapter if information from his/her own Chapter or from the International
Secretary certifies him/her to be a member in good standing. Any
such member shall have the privilege of becoming a Charter Member
of a new Chapter, if invited to do so by the petitioning group.
(See Constitution-Article X. Section 4 (c).)
SECTION 6.
(a) Any member desiring to resign his membership
in the Association shall do so in writing to the Executive Council
through the local Chapter Secretary, at the same time surrendering
his certificate and key.
(b) The executive Council shall have the
power to act upon such resignation.
SECTION 7. If any member of the Association,
or whatever classification, shall use his/her membership in an unethical
way, the Executive Council shall have the power to take such action
as it may see fit.
(a) A unanimous vote of the Executive Council
shall be required for action in such cases.
(b) This may be appealed to the International
Convention and repealed by a three-fourths vote of those present
and entitled to vote.
ARTICLE IX
Election of Members
SECTION 1. Each Chapter shall have a Committee
on Eligibility whose duty it shall be to ascertain, prior to an
election, the scholarship ratings and any other desirable information
concerning prospective candidates.
SECTION 2. Chapters may hold as many elections
and initiations each year as may be deemed expedient by the Chapter
Officers and the Committee on Eligibility.
SECTION 3.
(a) The basis of eligibility shall be primarily
the scholarship rating of the candidate, which shall be determined
by averaging scholastic grades on a credit-hour basis and computed
in terms of grade points as prescribed by Bylaw VII provided, however,
that if a Chapter employs a method of computing the scholarship
rating other than that prescribed in Bylaw VII, the rating shall
be equivalent to at least 3.0/4.0 as herein provided.
(b) Undergraduate Students. To be eligible
for election to membership, undergraduate upper-division students
shall have attained a general scholarship rating, in all college
work thus far completed, of not less than 3.0/4.0 grade-points and
shall rank in the highest thirty-five percent of their major in
general scholarship provided (1.) that candidates in any particular
academic level who satisfy the requirements of Article VIII, Section
2, (2.) that the candidate shall have completed at least 64 (sixty
four) semester hours of college work including eighteen (18) semester
hours or twenty-seven (27) quarter hours in the basic Computing
and Information Disciplines courses to be eligible under this Section.
The Chapter shall have the right to set any limit above this minimum
attainment as a basis for eligibility.
(c) Undergraduate transfer students. Undergraduate
upper-division students transferring to the Chapter location from
another institution shall have been in residence at least one year
at the Chapter location at the time they are considered for election
unless they transfer at the beginning of their senior year, in which
case they may be considered for election after one semester (or
two quarters) of residence. In such cases the scholarship rating
shall be computed on the basis of only those courses of college
grade, which shall include some basic Computing and Information
Disciplines courses taken at the institution where the Chapter is
located, and the minimum scholarship rating shall be 3.0/4.0 grade
points; and shall rank in the highest thirty-five percent of their
major in general scholarship provided, however, that the candidate
shall have completed at least eighteen (18) semester hours or twenty-seven
(27) quarter hours in the basic Computing and Information Disciplines
courses to be eligible under this section. The Chapter may set any
limit above this minimum as a basis for eligibility. In case the
undergraduate transfer came from an institution where there is a
Chapter of Upsilon Pi Epsilon inquiry should be made of the Chapter
as to the reason for his/her failure of election to membership at
that institution. (See Bylaw VII, Section 5.)
(d) Graduate Students. In order to be eligible
for election such graduate students shall have been in graduate
residence at the current institution at least one semester (or two
quarters) and shall have completed at least one-half of the number
of semester-hours of graduate work normally required for the master's
degree, with a scholarship rating of at least 3.5/4.0. (The foregoing
shall constitute the basis of computation, irrespective of the graduate
degree sought by the candidate.) A student in the process of completing
the above requirements may be elected to membership in the second
semester or third quarter providing the Chapter Committee on Eligibility
shall have reasonable assurance from the candidate's instructors
and research director that his/her scholastic standing is above
the minimum requirements of the Association. The Chapter shall have
the right to set any limit above this minimum as a basis for determining
eligibility. The scholarship record may be supplemented by information
from the candidate's director of research as to the quality of his
performance, if such research is already in progress. A student
who was invited to join UPE as an undergraduate may be re-invited
as a first semester graduate student if his undergraduate scholarship
rating was at least 3.5/4.0.
(e) This section applies to graduate students
who did not qualify as undergraduates, either at the institution
where they are now registered or at some other institution where
a Chapter of the Association is located; also to those who have
done graduate work at another Chapter location. The requirements
as to the major subject, and the quantity and quality of academic
course work accomplished by the candidate shall be the same as those
set forth in the preceding paragraph. The Chapter shall have the
right to set any limit above this minimum as a basis of determining
eligibility. In all cases of this kind the Committee on Eligibility
should make inquiry of the Chapter at the institution previously
attended as to the reason for his failure of election to membership
at that institution (see Bylaw VII, Section 5).
(f) Faculty. (1.) This section includes persons
specified under Article VIII, Section 2.3 of this Constitution who
are members of the faculties of Computing and Information Disciplines
or other allied computer fields. (2.) In order to be eligible for
membership, such faculty members shall have been in full time employ
of the current institution for at least one-half year and in responsible
charge of some of the undergraduate or graduate courses or important
research work of the institution. (3.) Eligibility of a faculty
member shall be based mainly upon his/her present achievements as
denoted by his/her degrees, rank, publications, high standards of
scholarship maintained in classes or research work, honors and membership
in other societies, and potential future interests in our Association.
(g) Students of neighboring schools. Eligible
students from a neighboring institution may be elected to membership
in a Chapter of the Association under the following conditions:
(1) the institution must meet all requirements for establishment
of a Chapter (Article II, Section 1) with the exception of having
a sufficient number of eligible students to support an active Chapter;
(2) the candidates must meet the same eligibility requirements as
other Chapter members (Article IX, Section 3); (3) the initiating
Chapter must be the Chapter located most closely geographically
to the neighboring institution; (4) the vote shall be based upon
the recommendations of three faculty members, preferably members
of the Association, at the neighboring institution.
SECTION 4. The election of all members shall
be by a secret ballot.
SECTION 5. Alumni of an institution who graduated
before a Chapter of Upsilon Pi Epsilon was established and who would
have been eligible for membership under provisions of Article V,
Section 2: Article VIII, Section 2 and Article IX, Section 3, of
this Constitution; had the Chapter existed prior to their graduation
shall be eligible for election to membership, provided at the time
of graduation their scholarship record meets the requirements of
the above provisions and that at the time of their election they
may be actively interested in and engaged in computer work.
(a) The election of any members nominated
under this classification shall occur according to the procedure
prescribed in Sections 3 and 4 of this Article. Such members shall
pay the fees and be initiated according to the ritual as required
of members elected while in residence.
(b) To limit the provisions of this Section,
no candidate shall be eligible for election to membership if more
than three years have elapsed since his/her graduation, except as
provided in Article VIII. Section 2 of this Constitution.
SECTION 6. International Honorary Members.
(a) Honorary Members shall be nominated by
a Committee on Honorary Membership appointed by the International
President.
(b) The nominations of the Committee on Honorary
Membership shall be submitted to the Executive Council for election.
When a name is not unanimously approved by the Committee on Honorary
Membership, a statement to this effect shall accompany the proceeding
by which it is submitted to the Executive Council. A three-fourths
majority of the Council shall be required for election of Honorary
Membership.
SECTION 7. All members shall be notified
at least three days in advance of meetings called for election of
new members or of Chapter Officers, or for taking official action
on important local business or voting on official proceedings from
the Association office.
ARTICLE X
Initiation
SECTION 1. The Chapter Secretary shall notify
all candidates in writing with respect to their election as soon
thereafter as possible.
SECTION 2.
(a) Charter Members shall be initiated during
the installation ceremonies of a new Chapter. If for any reason
it is impossible for a Charter Member to attend the installation,
arrangements should be made for his/her initiation at a later date
either by the home Chapter or by some Chapter in the vicinity of
his/her residence at that time. Should a Charter Member reside too
far from the home Chapter or other Chapter location to make it possible
for him/her to be initiated at a regular Chapter initiation, special
arrangements for initiation in absentia may be made through the
office of the International Secretary. In such case the initiate
shall be required to sign his/her acceptance of formal membership
in the Association. The signed acceptance shall be forwarded to
the home Chapter for inclusion in the Chapter records.
(b) Honorary Members shall be initiated with
due regard for their status.
SECTION 3.
(a) Each candidate initiated, whatever his/her
status, shall receive a membership Certificate, signed by the International
President, International Secretary, Chapter President and Chapter
Adviser and impressed with the official Seal of the Association.
(b) Each candidate shall, before his/her
initiation, be required to read the International Constitution and
Bylaws of the Association.
SECTION 4. Initiates shall be certified by
the International Secretary only upon the receipt of all blank forms
properly filled out and remittance in full for all fees and charges.
(a) There shall be no initiation fee for
International Honorary Members.
(b) The Association shall pay for keys and
certificates, mounted in suitable frames, presented to International
Honorary Members.
(c) No additional initiation fee shall be
charged any member of the Association who, subsequent to his/her
first initiation, is invited to become a Charter Member of a new
Chapter.
SECTION 5. Any candidate who has met the
requirements for membership and has been duly elected, but is financially
unable at the time to pay the fees for initiation, shall be eligible
for initiation at any future date; provided, however, that after
his/her election, he/she shall have maintained a creditable record
in scholarship or research in the Computing and Information Disciplines.
Initiation shall in such cases require special Chapter decision,
based upon careful investigation of each case.
ARTICLE XI
Fellowship Fund and Fellowships
SECTION 1. If deemed desirable, in the future,
there shall be created and established a fellowship fund with the
object of advancing the interest of the computing profession, of
stimulating research study and investigations, by providing financial
aid to deserving members of the Association, selected on the basis
of all-around accomplishment, future promise, and financial need.
ARTICLE XII
Discipline
SECTION 1.
The method of discipline of a Chapter shall be suspension or by
the annulment of its Charter.
SECTION 2.
(a) If any Chapter shall be reported in writing
to the Executive Council, or to the Convention, by three Chapters,
as having acted in a manner contrary to the Constitution or prejudicial
to the interests of the Association, it may be required to show
cause to the Executive Council why it should not be deprived of
the enjoyment of its rights and privileges, and why its Charter
should not be suspended, until the next Convention. The Executive
Council may in its judgment suspend the Charter of such a Chapter
and shall present at the next regular Convention the complaint against
the Chapter and the Chapter's reply. The Chapter shall have the
right to be heard by the Convention and have its official delegate-member
and other members plead its cause. The Charter of the Chapter may
be suspended, or annulled, or restored to the Chapter by action
of the Convention by a three-fourths vote, taken by roll-call, of
those present and entitled to vote. In case of continued suspension,
the Chapter shall be called at the next Convention to show reason
why its Charter should not be annulled. At this time, the Convention
shall either annul the Chapter's Charter, or restore the Charter
to the Chapter with full rights and privileges.
(b) Suspension shall entail such penalties
as are deemed appropriate by the Executive Council, subject to review
by the next Convention.
SECTION 3. The methods of discipline of a
member shall be by either suspension or expulsion.
SECTION 4.
(a) For continued and inexcusable absence
from the meetings of the Chapter, for nonattendance to his/her assigned
or elected duties to the Chapter, for moral delinquency, for inexcusable
failure to meet his/her financial obligations to the Chapter, or
for other just cause, after a fair trial and upon the recommendations
of a majority of the active members of the Chapter, the Chapter
may suspend a member.
(b) A member shall be suspended for a specified
time, not to exceed one year. At the end of the time specified,
the Chapter shall make recommendations to the Executive Council
either to reinstate the member, or to expel him. The Executive Council
shall then either reinstate or expel the member.
(c) A member may appeal his/her case from
the decision of the Executive Council to the next regular Convention
of the Association and the member shall have the right to be heard
by the Convention and to plead his/her own cause. The action of
the Convention shall be final.
(d) Suspension shall entail the following:
(1) Loss of voting privileges. (2) Provision by the Chapter of opportunity
for the individual to demonstrate his/her desire to be reinstated.
SECTION 5. A uniform system of fines shall
be established and these fines shall be assessed against, and paid
by, every Chapter guilty of inexcusable acts or of lateness or neglect
to make reports to the Executive Council of the Association, as
prescribed by the Constitution and Bylaws.
ARTICLE XIII
Amendments
SECTION 1. An amendment to the Constitution
may be presented to the Convention and, if approved by a three-fourths
vote of those present and entitled to vote, shall then be submitted
to Chapters and shall become effective only when ratified by three-fourths
of the Chapters by a three-fourths vote of the total active membership
of each Chapter.
SECTION 2. An amendment to the Constitution
may also be proposed at any time by the Executive Council, and shall
become effective only when ratified by three-fourths of the chapters
who turn in their votes.
SECTION 3. Any Chapter which fails to report
its vote to the Executive Council within six weeks, between the
times of mailing and return of the ballot, not counting regular
college vacation, shall forfeit its vote.
SECTION 4. Amendments to the Constitution
and Bylaws shall be reported by the Executive Council of the Association
to each Chapter of the Association and shall then become the law
of the Association.
ARTICLE XIV
At Large Chapters
SECTION 1.
(a) At Large Chapters shall consist of members
of Upsilon Pi Epsilon and may be chartered by the Executive Council
when application is made in writing by at least ten members of the
Association living in a city or its vicinity, and upon payment to
the Association of a Charter fee of ten dollars.
(b) The Chapter shall be known by the name
of the city in which it is located.
(c) The annual dues of an At Large Chapter
to the Association shall be five dollars, payable on the first day
of January.
SECTION 2.
(a) Each At Large Chapter may be represented
by one or more delegates at the annual Convention and, if represented,
it shall have one vote in the Convention, provided that the At Large
Chapter has paid its annual dues to the Association. A delegate
from an At Large Chapter shall represent that Chapter only.
(b) The expenses of the delegate of an At
Large Chapter to the Convention shall not be paid by the Association.
SECTION 3. The Chapter shall be self-governing
as long as it does not conflict with the Constitution and Bylaws
of the Association.
SECTION 4. It shall be the duty of the members
of each At Large Chapter to continue to uphold the principles, esprit-de-corps,
and ideals of the Upsilon Pi Epsilon Association, to advance the
causes of the Computing and Information Disciplines profession,
and to be of service to local members of the Association and to
the membership of neighboring Chapters.
ARTICLE XV
Meetings
SECTION 1. Each Chapter may arrange for and
hold such meetings as it desires, but at least one business meeting
and one general meeting of a social, literary, or technical character
shall be held each term, quarter, or semester, except in the summer,
in addition to the meetings held for the consideration, election
and initiation of candidates for membership.
ARTICLE XVI
Enactment
SECTION 1. This Constitution and the Bylaws
submitted herewith, having been ratified by the three-fourths vote
of the Chapters by a three-fourths vote of the active membership
of each Chapter, and the three-fourths vote of the Convention, became
effective and the law of the Association on October 1, 1973.
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