C# Tutorial for C++ Students in CS1120

 

Introduction to C#

*  Text Box: Practice Program IIText Box: Practice Program IIntroduction to C#


*  Advanced C#


*  Features of C#

Very similar to Java

70% Java, 10% C++, 5% Visual Basic, 15% new

 

Structure of C# Programs

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


•If no namespace is specified => anonymous default namespace

•Namespaces may also contain structs, interfaces, delegates and enums

•Namespace may be "reopened" in other files

•Simplest case: single class, single file, default namespace

 

My First C# program

Summation of two integers as Console Application

 

Text Box: using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Text; namespace TwoIntegersSum { class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { int x, y; Console.Write("Enter the first integer: "); x = Int32.Parse( Console.ReadLine()); Console.Write("\nEnter the second integer: "); y = Int32.Parse(Console.ReadLine()); Console.WriteLine("\n\nSum of {0} and {1} is: {2}\n", x, y, x + y); } } }•uses the namespace System

•entry point must be called Main

•output goes to the console

•file name and class name need not to be identical.

 

 

Summation of two integers as Console Application

 

Text Box: using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.ComponentModel; using System.Data; using System.Drawing; using System.Text; using System.Windows.Forms; namespace TwoIntegersSum { public partial class twoIntegersSum : Form { public twoIntegersSum() { InitializeComponent(); } private void sumButton_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { int x, y, sum; x = Int32.Parse(firstTextBox.Text ); y = Int32.Parse(secondTextBox.Text); sum = x + y; resultLabel.Text = "Summation is: " + sum; } } }

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

A Program Consisting of 2 Files

Prog.cs
 

using System;

 

class Prog

{

      static void Main()

      {

            Counter c = new Counter();

            c.Add(3); c.Add(5);

            Console.WriteLine("val = " + c.Val());

      }

}
 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


Types

*  Unified Type System

 

 

 

 

 


                                                                                 

 

 

 

All types are compatible with object

*can be assigned to variables of type object

*all operations of type object are applicable to them

 

*  Value Types versus Reference Types

 

Value Types

Reference Types

variable contains

value

reference

stored

On stack

heap

initialization

0, false, '\0'

null

assignment

copies the value

copies the reference

example

int i = 17;

string s = "Hello";

 

int j= i;

string s1= s;

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

*  Simple Types

 

Long Form

Range

Sbyte

System.SByte

-128 .. 127

byte

System.Byte

0 .. 255

short

System.Int16

-32768 .. 32767

ushort

System.UInt16

0 .. 65535

int

System.Int32

-2147483648 .. 2147483647

uint

System.UInt32

0 .. 4294967295

long

System.Int64

-263.. 263-1

ulong

System.UInt64

0 .. 264-1

float

System.Single

±1.5E-45 .. ±3.4E38 (32 Bit)

double

System.Double

±5E-324 .. ±1.7E308 (64 Bit)

decimal

System.Decimal

±1E-28 .. ±7.9E28 (128 Bit)

bool

System.Boolean

true, false

char

System.Char

Unicode character

 

*  Compatibility between Simple Types

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


Enumerations

 

* List of named constants

 

*    Declaration (directly in a namespace)

 

enum Color {red, blue, green} // values: 0, 1, 2

enum Access {personal=1, group=2, all=4}

enum Access1 : byte {personal=1,  group=2,  all=4}

 

*     Use

 

Color c = Color.blue;     // enumeration constants must be qualified

 

Access a = Access.personal | Access.group;

if ((Access.personal & a) != 0) Console.WriteLine("access granted");

 

*  Operations on Enumerations

Compare

if (c == Color.red) ...

if (c > Color.red && c <= Color.green) ...

 

 

+, -

c = c + 2;

 

 

++, --

c++;

 

 

&

if ((c & Color.red) == 0) ...

 

 

|

c = c | Color.blue;

 

 

~

c = ~ Color.red;

 

The compiler does not check if the result is a valid enumeration value.

 

Note

§  Enumerations cannot be assigned to int (except after a type cast).

§  Enumeration types inherit from object (Equals, ToString, ...).

§  Class System.Enum provides operations on enumerations (GetName, Format, GetValues, ...).

 

Arrays

*  One-dimensional Arrays

 

int[] a = new int[3];

int[] b = new int[] {3, 4, 5};

int[] c = {3, 4, 5};

 

SomeClass[] d = new SomeClass[10];     // Array of references

SomeStruct[] e = new SomeStruct[10];   // Array of values (directly in the array)

 

int len = a.Length;   // number of elements in a

 

*  Multidimensional Arrays

 

*Jagged (like in Java)

 

Text Box: int[][] a = new int[2][]; a[0] = new int[3]; a[1] = new int[4]; int x = a[0][1]; int len = a.Length; // 2 len = a[0].Length; // 3

 

 

 

 


*Rectangular (more compact, more efficient access)

 

Text Box: int[,] a = new int[2, 3]; int x = a[0, 1]; int len = a.Length; // 6 len = a.GetLength(0); // 2 len = a.GetLength(1); // 3

 

 

 

 


Class System.String

 

Can be used as standard type string

      string s = "Alfonso";

 

Note

•Strings are immutable (use StringBuilder if you want to modify strings)

•Can be concatenated with +:  "Don " + s

•Can be indexed: s[i]

•String length: s.Length

•Strings are reference types => reference semantics in assignments

•but their values can be compared with == and != : if (s == "Alfonso") ...

•Class String defines many useful operations:

          CompareTo, IndexOf, StartsWith, Substring, ...

 

Structs

*  Declaration

 

        Struct Point {

         

          public int  x, y;  // fields

         

          public Point (int x, int y)  // constructor

          {

              this.x = x; 

              this.y = y;

          }   

 

          public void MoveTo (int a, int b)     // methods

          {

              x = a;

              y = b;

          }   

     }

 

 

*  Use

 

        Point p = new Point(3, 4);   // constructor initializes object on the stack

 

     p.MoveTo(10, 20);       // method call

 

 

Classes

*  Declaration

 

        class Rectangle {

          Point origin;

          public int width, height;

    

          public Rectangle() {

              origin = new Point(0,0);

              width = height = 0;

          }

 

          public Rectangle (Point p, int w, int h) {

              origin = p;

              width = w;

              height = h;

          }

         

          public void MoveTo (Point p) {

              origin = p;

          }

     }

 

*  Use

       

        Rectangle r = new Rectangle(new Point(10, 20), 5, 5);

    

     int area = r.width * r.height;

    

     r.MoveTo(new Point(3, 3));

 

 

Expressions

*  Operators and their Priority

Primary                     (x)    x.y    f(x)   a[x] x++   x--    new typeof       sizeof         checked     unchecked

Unary                                +      -       ~      !       ++x   --x    (T)x

Multiplicative             *       /      %

Additive                    +      -

Shift                          <<     >>

Relational                  <      >      <=     >=     is      as

Equality                     ==    !=

Logical AND               &

Logical XOR               ^

Logical OR                 |

Conditional AND         &&

Conditional OR           ||

Conditional                c?x:y

Assignment                =      +=     -=     *=     /=     %=     <<=   >>=   &=    ^=     |=

*  Operators on the same level are evaluated from left to right

 

Declarations

 

*  Declaration Space

The program area to which a declaration belongs

Entities can be declared in a ...

-namespace:                           Declaration of classes, interfaces, structs, enums, delegates

-class, interface, struct:         Declaration of fields, methods, properties, events, indexers, ...

-enum:                                    Declaration of enumeration constants

-block:                                     Declaration of local variables

 

*  Scoping rules

-A name must not be declared twice in the same declaration space.

-Declarations may occur in arbitrary order.

Exception: local variables must be declared before they are used

 

*  Visibility rules

-A name is only visible within its declaration space

(local variables are only visible after their point of declaration).

-The visibility can be restricted by modifiers (private, protected, ...)

 

Statements

*  Simple Statements

*Empty statement

                       

                                    ;    // ; is a terminator, not a separator

 

         

*  Assignment

                       

          x = 3 * y + 1;

 

 

*  Method call

               

                string s = "a,b,c";

          string[] parts = s.Split(',');    // invocation of an object method (non-static)

 

          s = String.Join(" + ", parts);    // invocation of a class method (static)

 

 

*  if Statement

                   if ('0' <= ch && ch <= '9')

              val = ch -'0';

          else if ('A' <= ch && ch <= 'Z')

              val = 10 + ch -'A';

          else {

              val = 0;

              Console.WriteLine ("invalid character {0}", ch);

          }

 

*  switch Statement

                   switch (country) {

              case "Germany": case "Austria": case "Switzerland":

                   language = "German";

                   break;

              case "England": case "USA":

                   language = "English";

                   break;

              case null:

                   Console.WriteLine("no country specified");

                   break;

              default :

                   Console.WriteLine("don't know language of {0}", country);

                   break;

          }

 

* Type of switch expression

                   numeric, char, enum or string (null ok as a case label).

 

* No fall-through!

                   Every statement sequence in a case must be terminated with break (or return, goto, throw).

         

                   If no case label matches à default

                   If no default specified  à continuation after the switch statement

 

*  Loops


*  foreach Statement


*  Jumps

break;                            For exiting a loop or a switch statement.

                     There is no break with a label like in Java (use gotoinstead).

continue;             Continues with the next loop iteration.

goto case 3:                   Can be used in a switch statement to jump to a case label.

 

myLab:

...

goto myLab;                //Jumps to the label myLab.

 

Restrictions:

-no jumps into a block

-no jumps out of a finally block of a try statement

 

*  return Statement


Classes and Structs

*  Contents of Classes or Structs

class C {

     ... fields, constants... // for object-oriented programming

     ... methods...

     ... constructors, destructors...

     ... properties...// for component-based programming

     ... events...

     ... indexers...// for amenity

     ... overloaded operators...

     ... nested types (classes, interfaces, structs, enums, delegates)...

}

*  Classes


*  Structs


*  Visibility Modifiers (excerpt)

Public           visible where the declaring namespace is known

                     -Members of interfaces and enumerations are public by default.

                     -Types in a namespace (classes, structs, interfaces, enums, delegates)

                     have default visibility internal(visible in the declaring assembly)

 

private         only visible in declaring class or struct

                     -Members of classes and structs are private by default

                     (fields, methods, properties, ..., nested types)

 

 

Example

Text Box: public class Stack { private int[] val; // private is also default private int top; // private is also default public Stack() {...} public void Push(int x) {...} public int Pop() {...} }

 

 

 

 

 

 

*  Fields and Constants


*  Static Fields and Constants


*  Methods


 

*  Static Methods


* 

-"call by value"

-formal parameter is a copy of the

actual parameter

-actual parameter is an expression
 
Parameters

Value Parameters (input values)

          void Inc(int x) {x = x + 1;}

          void f() {

                   int val = 3;

                   Inc(val); // val == 3

          }

-"call by reference"

-formal parameter is an alias for the

actual parameter

(address of actual parameter is passed)

-actual parameter must be a variable
 
 


ref Parameters (transition values)

          void Inc(refint x) { x = x + 1; }

          void f() {

                   int val = 3;

                   Inc(refval); // val == 4

          }

 

-similar to ref parameters

but no value is passed by the caller.

-must not be used in the method before

it got a value.
 
out Parameters   (output values)

          void Read (outint first, outint next) {

                   first = Console.Read(); next = Console.Read();

          }

          void f() {

                   int first, next;

                   Read(outfirst, outnext);

          }

 

*  Constructors for Classes


*  Default Constructor


*  Constructors for Structs


*  Static Constructors


*  Destructors


*  Properties



*  Conversion Operators